Addressing Water Sustainability in the 21st Century: The Role of Engineering and Technology

Yudan Whulanza , Eny Kusrini , Nyoman Suwartha , Imam Jauhari Maknun

Abstract


Water, although plentiful on Earth, poses a paradox of scarcity due to its uneven distribution and limited accessibility. Earth contains around 326 million trillion gallons of water, but the majority of it, roughly 97% is saline, and another 2% is trapped in polar ice caps. This means that humanity depends on only 1% of Earth's water for survival for life. This small proportion is primarily located underground, which is challenging and expensive to reach, influencing the development of human settlements and economic activity towards more easily accessible surface waters such as rivers and lakes.


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i3.7088